ECG
1. Normal Sinus Rhythm
• Rate: 60–100 bpm
• Rhythm: Regular
• P waves: Present, one before each QRS
• QRS: Normal width
• Interpretation: This is the baseline healthy heart rhythm.
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2. Sinus Bradycardia
• Rate: <60 bpm
• Rhythm: Regular
• P waves: Present, one before each QRS
• QRS: Normal
• Interpretation: Normal in athletes or during sleep; may need treatment if symptomatic.
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3. Sinus Tachycardia
• Rate: >100 bpm
• Rhythm: Regular
• P waves: Present
• QRS: Normal
• Interpretation: Can be due to exercise, fever, pain, or shock.
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4. Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)
• Rate: Variable
• Rhythm: Irregularly irregular
• P waves: Absent (replaced by fibrillatory waves)
• QRS: Normal
• Interpretation: Risk of stroke due to atrial clot formation; may need anticoagulation.
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5. Atrial Flutter
• Rate: Atrial rate ~250–350 bpm
• Rhythm: Regular or irregular
• P waves: “Sawtooth” flutter waves
• QRS: Normal
• Interpretation: Often occurs in bursts; can convert to sinus rhythm or AFib.
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6. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
• Rate: 150–250 bpm
• Rhythm: Regular
• P waves: Often hidden in QRS
• QRS: Narrow
• Interpretation: Sudden onset and termination; may respond to vagal maneuvers or adenosine.
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7. Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)
• Rhythm: Irregular due to early beats
• P waves: Early and abnormally shaped
• QRS: Normal
• Interpretation: Often benign; may indicate atrial irritability.
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8. Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
• Rhythm: Irregular with early wide beats
• P waves: Absent before PVC
• QRS: Wide and bizarre
• Interpretation: Can be benign or a sign of underlying heart disease if frequent.
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9. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
• Rate: 100–250 bpm
• Rhythm: Regular
• P waves: Often absent or dissociated
• QRS: Wide
• Interpretation: Life-threatening; may need immediate cardioversion or defibrillation.
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10. Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib)
• Rhythm: Chaotic, no organized electrical activity
• P waves/QRS: None identifiable
• Interpretation: Cardiac arrest; requires immediate defibrillation.
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